In addition to aircraft, who else must receive clearance for each active, inactive, or closed runway they cross?

Clearance is necessary for vehicles crossing active, inactive, or closed runways to ensure safety and avoid conflicts with aircraft operations. This protocol is in place because vehicles on the airport surface can pose a risk if they enter a runway without clearance, particularly when an aircraft is landing or taking off. By requiring vehicles to receive clearance, air traffic control can effectively manage the flow of aircraft and ground traffic, maintaining safe distances and preventing accidents.

While airport staff, other pilots, and maintenance crews may also need to adhere to certain protocols when operating near runways, it is specifically the vehicles that must receive clearance for runway crossings, highlighting the critical role they play in overall airport safety and coordination.